Tammany Hall did not become a disciplined political machine until it came under the direction of John Kelly , the first of ten successive Irish-American bosses; it is said that he found the society a horde and left it an army. He introduced a system of organization in which assembly district leaders elected a leader, an unsalaried, extra-legal commander of operations.
They also appointed precinct captains whose job it was to help families in their neighborhoods in times of emergency, to find them work, to ease any problems they had with the law, and to make sure that they voted. Although ballot boxes were often stolen on election day, most victories by candidates allied with Tammany Hall were achieved through year-round attention to voters' needs and interests. Because the boss controlled nominations to elective offices, he had the last word in the discretionary appointments made by successful candidates for municipal office and used this power to reward loyal district leaders and supporters and to punish dissenters.
Political integration of different ethnic groups varied widely. From mid century Irish men dominated Tammany Hall and virtually monopolized district leaderships, remaining in power despite the changing population of their neighborhoods.
Many Jews and Germans were admitted to the Tammany Society and were chosen to be state legislators, congressional representatives, and judges. The growing Italian population was largely ignored, and when the number of black voters in Harlem became significant the neighborhood was subdivided and reallocated to adjacent districts with white majorities, Richard Croker, the boss from to retained Kelly's system but delegated decisions about patronage to local leaders more than Kelly had done.
After consolidation in the primacy of Tammany Hall depended on gaining the cooperation of Democrats in the outer boroughs. Those in Brooklyn opposed the organization until John H. McCooey became the leader of Kings County in He was a long-time friend of Croker's successor, Charles F. One result of their collaboration was the nomination of two mayoral candidates from Brooklyn, William J.
Gaynor in and John F. Hylan in We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.
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