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With spectrophotometers it's possible to conduct a G7 certification. Can be controlled using Spectrophotometers. Helmholtz coordinates are dominant wavelength, complementary wavelength and excitation purity. The hue can be specified by the chromaticity coordinates of a colour or the dominant wavelength or complementary wavelength in the CIE x,y chromaticity diagram.

Quotient of the luminous flux incident on a surface by the area of that surface. Quotient of the incident radiant flux by the area delimited by its solid angle. The part of the incident radiation or light that is absorbed into the medium is diffusely reflected within the medium. Luminous flux emitted within one steradian by a point source that has a constant luminous intensity of one candela.

Quotient of the emitted luminous flux by its solid angle. Unit: candela. The UV-content is not specified. Thus this mode should not be used when papers with optical brighteners are used. Often realized using a UV-Cut filter. Is used to minimize the difference between wet and dried offset prints. These areas represent all colours that are perceptually indistinguishable from a specified reference colour. MacAdam ellipses are differently shaped and have different directions.

A metmarism index describes the effects of such an illuminant colorimetric shift. Its colour is always called white. Implemented only as reflectance standard. Reference standard of reflectance. Often contains optical brightening agents. For measurements mode M1 is needed.

Can be formulated for colour matching using CCM software. Dispersion of an continuous spectrum into monochromatic slit images. It provides a device-independent interface for colour communication from source to destination colour spaces via colour profiles.

The KM FD Spectrodensitometers and the software Catch QC can be used to test a print for conformance against PSO learn more Purkinje effect Change of the maximum light sensitivity from long wavelenghts to short wavenlengths induced by a decrease in luminance. Incident radiant flux per point of surface per solid angle of the incident radiant flux. Quotient of the emitted radiant flux and the irradiated point of surface. Quotient of radiant flux and a given time interval.

Quotient of the emitted radiant flux and its solid angle. Sichtbare Strahlung Optical radiation wavelength range approx. The "special metamerism index: change in illuminant" is used to describe light sources. Planckian radiator. The corresponding parameter is bit depth. Used in the KM FD-series spectrophotometers. This white point is also called adopted white.

Also a grey line determinant. This impression is caused by light scattering within the print substrate. A part of the light is caught under an area covered with ink which in turn appears greater. Can be used to separate the optical from the geometrical tone value increase. Can also be used to adjust the reading of a spectrodensitometer on printing plates to match the readings of a digital microscope.

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White or black area on which the sample is placed for colour matching. System of techniques defined by the CIE to evaluate colour stimuli in respect to their sameness. Colour separation methods in four-colour process printing that determine the ration of black to cyan, magenta and yellow. The colourfulness of a non-luminous colour that is compared to a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting.

Discernible property of a surface of a certain shape, structure, size and brightness or lightness when that surface is compared to another one of the same shape, structure, size and brightness or lightness.

Tristimulus values that are normalised to sum up to 1, the scale of the CIE x,y chromaticity diagram. Chromaticity diagram in which all spectral colours and the chromaticities derived by additive colour mixing are plotted. Internationally agreed upon colorimetric system of objective colour description using three virtual primary colours X, Y, Z to form a colour space, and the tristimulus values derived from them.

Mean of the CIE special colour rendering indices for a specified set of colour samples. Colour rendering index calculated for one colour out of a specified set of colour samples. Approximately perceptually uniform colour space presented in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system. Approximately perceptually uniform colour space presented as a transformed CIE xy chromaticity diagram, i. Lightsource whose spectral power distribution is defined by CIE to be the measurement standard.

System of techniques defined by the CIE to evaluate colour stimuli in respect to their sameness, to evaluate the perceived difference of colour stimuli and to evaluate colour appearances. Visual sensation defined by a colour stimulus having a certain chromaticity and brightness or lightness. Imbalance in neutral colours caused by the preponderance of one primary colour. Almost total physiological compensation for the illuminant colour shift by the adaptive colour shift. A means of achieving standard colours from a variety of different devices by referring their results to a known colour space model.

In current practise this usually means processing the colours in software using small files called profiles that compensate for the particular characteristics of the printer, ink and medium being used. A way of defining and standardising colour for reproduction through printing and other visual technologies. Commercial systems such as Pantone supply reference books of colour patches, with instructions on how to match these colours by mixing standard colours of inks.

The result of splitting a coloured original image into its component parts for printing. A full-coloured photograph will normally be split into cyan, magenta, yellow and black separations, and these will be carried on individual films for screen process , printing plates and cylinders for lithography, flexography, gravure etc or output channels for inkjets and other digital printers.

A description of the total range of colours achievable by a particular process. This includes the colours discernible by the average human eye; those for a bee or a dog would be quite different. A range of methods and technologies have been developed to print a screen process stencil directly onto the screen mesh, instead of using emulsion coated stencils exposed through a piece of film.

The processes include inkjet either a water-based ink or a wax phase-change ink , digital light process essentially a digital projector system or laser exposure.

A continuous Inkjet generates a stream of ink droplets all the time, with the stream directed towards or away from the media by deflectors of various types typically electrical fields or air jets. CIJ is mainly used today by Kodak in its Versamark and Prosper series of high speed commercial web inkjets. See: Drop On Demand. Short for continuous tone. It originally applied to silver halide photographs, where intermediate tones can be infinitely variable between white and solid.

Film is an analogue process. Some computer printers such as inkjets and dye sublimation devices can simulate contone, even though they use digital input information.

A vector drawing program. The main competitor to Adobe Illustrator. It's seen as cheaper to buy and is supplied with a healthy set of fonts, clip art and other items though the price differential has become less obvious since Adobe adopted its Creative Cloud rental policy.

The process of pressing or scoring a crease line into media, usually paper or card, so that it can easily be folded later. This is normally done after printing, for carton packaging, greetings cards and similar work that needs to be folded at a later stage of production, or perhaps supplied flat to the customer for later folding. A range of processes variously to reduce printable substrates to manageable sizes for handling, then to fit them to the size needed for the printing process, and then to trim them to the final size dictated by the job itself.

A store of structured information, normally held on a computer storage system. This can be selectively searched, and information added or retrieved to order.

Methods for removing dissolved air and other gasses from inks within a printer that might otherwise form bubbles and disrupt or completely stop the flow. Methods include passing the ink across a permeable membrane that has a reduced air pressure on the other side, before the ink reaches the printhead: the pressure differential induces air to come out of solution and form bubbles that can be safely removed before they reach the printhead and ink chamber.

Stands for Digital Front End. In graphic arts, the control software and sometimes hardware for a digital printer.

All current commercial computers are digital, that is they base their operations on the rapid shuffling around of whole numbers, or digits, usually 0 and 1, representing off and on in an electrical switch. Digital is normally used as the opposite of analogue, where values are continually variable. One of the halftone patterning techniques commonly used by inkjet and other digital printers. It allows an extended range of tones and colours to be achieved in photographs and blends, by applying small dots with varying spacing.

A variation called stochastic screening is used in offset printing and some other processes. See Halftone. Stands for Drop on Demand. This describes a class of printheads that are precisely controlled to produce ink drops only when required. The term was coined to distinguish this type of head from Continuous Inkjet. See Piezo, Thermal, Continuous Inkjet. A printed effect where ink droplets or halftone dots are larger than desired for a given tonal effect.

Nearly all print processes are subject to dot gain of some degree, though the causes may differ. The number, or maximum number, of sub drops in a printed drop. This is mostly of interest to inkjet scientists and developers, though it is important in understanding how greyscale heads work.

See Greyscale Heads. Drops per Inch. A measure of the number of ink drops that appear on the final printed image from an inkjet printer. This can be different in the head pass and the media transport directions, so typically you'll see x dpi.

Printed DPI is usually greater than the NPI nozzles per inch because of techniques like multiple passes and multiple heads. Also called Drop Interlacing or Interleave Printing. These are terms used for print patterning techniques that mitigate the problem of blocked nozzles, or reduce visual banding on low resolutions or low numbers of head passes.

Typically the swathe of ink drops are controlled to create a scalloped way line at top and bottom edges. The scallop positions are varied for subsequent passes, breaking up the edges to reduce the visual impact. Inkjet drop sizes are measured in picolitres. One picolitre is a millionth of a litre. Depending on the printhead configuration, the drop sizes normally range from 3 or 4 picolitres to more than picolitres. Photo-quality printers such as Epson Stylus Pros generally produce the smallest drop sizes, and many of these use greyscale heads that vary the size of drop too.

Printers used for signage and similar applications that are viewed from a distance can use larger drops, which cover a given area more quickly to allow greater print speeds. See Binary and Greyscale. Stands for Encapsulated PostScript. A widely standard document format, often but not always used for vector files created by drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator or Corel Draw, However, bitmap photographs can also be output as EPS by Photoshop, while layout programs can output EPS with all sorts of components.

Metal reinforcing rings that are used with banners and similar flexible signage material, or some curtainside vehicle media. These allow cords, ropes or straps to be passed through the holes in the eyelet rings and secured to scaffolding, frameworks, fences, vehicle structures or whatever else the material is being attached to. In inkjets with moving carriages, the "fast scan" is the direction of the relative movement of the head and substrate.

The "slow scan" direction is at 90 degrees to the fast one. These terms are useful when relating the printing motion to a particular image. Single-pass inkjets such as digital label presses and web fed commercial inkjets also have different characteristics for the print width and the length ie the direction that the media travels in , as the width resolution is constant while the length varies with the speed that the media is fed under the heads.

Also called Server. Central computing resource on a network of intelligent terminals. It's used for storage of things that many users might need access to, such as picture and page files.

Also used for intensive background processing tasks, such as printing or Ripping. Acts as a controller and routing system for some types of network. Clear stuff that can carry photographic images.

It has largely been replaced by digital cameras for original photography, but it's still used in pre-press as an exposure mask material for screen meshes, lithographic plates and some other analogue printing plates or cylinders. The number of drops ejected from each nozzle per second in a printhead.

For example, a Xaar GS6 head has a firing frequency of 7 kHz, meaning 7, drops per second. Forcing ink through the printhead nozzles at high pressure, usually in an attempt to clear a blockage. It can waste a lot of ink and is not always successful. Sometimes a special flushing fluid is used.

See Purging. The formation of a foam of air bubbles in ink, caused by dissolved gas. This only affects low viscosity inks. Depending on where the foaming occurs, it may be a problem or an intended effect. If bubbles or foaming occur in a printhead's ink chamber, it can cause misfiring or blockages.

A class of print finishing machines that takes a sheet or roll media and fold it over on itself. Sheet fed folders can fold in two directions to create multi-page sections, that typically are used in books or brochures after the spine has been glued or stitched and one or more of the edges is trimmed off to allow the pages to open.

A font is a collection of characters and symbols all of the same style for a particular typeface. Referring to the four-colour printing process, where cyan, yellow, magenta and black inks are used to give full-colour halftones. See colour, separation. A measure of the number of tonal levels, or densities, in a digital image which might be an original digital or scanned photograph, so it's relevant to screen printing. An image formed of a range of such tones is called a "Greyscale".

The term "grey levels" is also used to refer to coloured images, in the specific sense of describing the tones within each colour channel or separation. Greyscale printheads are able to vary the density of individually printed dots, contributing to the tonal variation of the final image. See Printhead. Pronounced 'gooey'. Stands for Graphical User Interface, meaning the combination of menus, icons and mouse point-and-click method of controlling computer programs. Stands for hyphenation and justification.

It's common to arrange text in columns of constant width. However, words aren't constant in length, so some adjustment has to be made. This is the technique used to give an illusion of different tones sometimes called greyscales in printing processes that in reality only use inks of a single density such as solid black. Hybrid Side Shooter, a Xaar piezo printhead technology, so far only used in its and heads. The process of arranging pages for printing in sections, used for books, periodicals, newspapers and anything else that has a multi-page, book-like form.

A four-page section has a simple pattern, but eight pages and above need ever more complex patterns to ensure that all the pages are the right way up and in the correct order. In inkjet terms the fluid that is projected through an inkjet head. Normally this will dry or cure to form a visible image, although there are also clear inks and speciality fluids.

A digitally controlled printing technology that projects liquid ink through nozzles onto a substrate. There are many variations of printhead technologies for projecting the ink, and many different formulations of ink. Inkjets are used to produce graphical documents, photographs, signage etc, but also for industrial processes such as electronics, decorative laminates, textiles, and screen process mesh stencils.

Stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. A graphical file format that can be compressed to reduce its overall size. It is very widely used for photographic images for local storage, exchange, and placement in printed or web pages. Many graphics programs can compress and decompress JPEG files. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

Not the lead underpants sort of radiation, it's normally visible or near-visible wavelengths of light. Lasers in print are used as a source of intense, coherent light for exposing film, printing plates or screen mesh emulsions, or in laser printers and some digital presses as a way of discharging static charge to create image areas on photoelectric drums.

A non impact computer printer. It uses a laser to dissipate an electrostatic charge in specific areas of a light-sensitive drum, which then picks up toner by electrostatic attraction. The toner is then transferred to a sheet of paper to form an image which is fused into place by heat and pressure. Related but now obsolete analogue photocopiers use much the same process, but with reflected and focussed light bounced off the original that is being copied. A water based inkjet ink suitable for outdoor signage, with similar applications and lifetime to eco solvent inks.

Currently supplied by HP, Mimaki and Ricoh. It contains resins called co-polymers and pigments held in an emulsion in water. Despite the name, it is nothing to do with latex rubber.

Latex is the US term for what in the UK is called an emulsion paint, and latex ink is a similar idea to the latter. Stands for light-emitting diode. A very efficient solid-state lighting technology that is increasingly replacing older technologies across a range of applications from domestic lighting through to UV ink curing. Red, green and blue LEDs are used to create variable colour lighting and sometimes exposure systems for film. Infra Red emitting LEDs are commonly used in remote controls for home entertainment systems.

Lines per inch. A term mainly used by offset printers to measure the fineness of a regular halftone screen. Most magazines are printed with lpi screens. Inkjet screening works differently, especially with multiple passes, so the dot pitches don't exactly correlate with offset screens. The substrate or surface to be printed upon. For inkjets this might be paper, vinyl, wood, glass, metal, textile etc.

Node-pressure eviction is not the same as API-initiated eviction. An entity in the Kubernetes system. The Kubernetes API uses these entities to represent the state of your cluster. By creating an object, you're effectively telling the Kubernetes system what you want that part of your cluster's workload to look like; this is your cluster's desired state.

The operator pattern is a system design that links a Controller to one or more custom resources. You can extend Kubernetes by adding controllers to your cluster, beyond the built-in controllers that come as part of Kubernetes itself. If a running application acts as a controller and has API access to carry out tasks against a custom resource that's defined in the control plane, that's an example of the Operator pattern.

An API object that represents a piece of storage in the cluster. Available as a general, pluggable resource that persists beyond the lifecycle of any individual Pod. PVs are used directly in scenarios where storage can be created ahead of time static provisioning. Claims storage resources defined in a PersistentVolume so that it can be mounted as a volume in a container. Details of the storage itself are described in the PersistentVolume object.

A platform developer may, for example, use Custom Resources or Extend the Kubernetes API with the aggregation layer to add functionality to their instance of Kubernetes, specifically for their application. Some Platform Developers are also contributors and develop extensions which are contributed to the Kubernetes community.

Others develop closed-source commercial or site-specific extensions. The smallest and simplest Kubernetes object. A Pod represents a set of running containers on your cluster. A Pod is typically set up to run a single primary container. It can also run optional sidecar containers that add supplementary features like logging. Pods are commonly managed by a Deployment.

Pod disruption is the process by which Pods on Nodes are terminated either voluntarily or involuntarily. Voluntary disruptions are started intentionally by application owners or cluster administrators. Involuntary disruptions are unintentional and can be triggered by unavoidable issues like Nodes running out of resources, or by accidental deletions.

A Pod Disruption Budget allows an application owner to create an object for a replicated application, that ensures a certain number or percentage of Pods with an assigned label will not be voluntarily evicted at any point in time.

The Pod Lifecycle is defined by the states or phases of a Pod. A high-level description of the Pod state is summarized in the PodStatus phase field. Pod Priority indicates the importance of a Pod relative to other Pods. Pod Priority gives the ability to set scheduling priority of a Pod to be higher and lower than other Pods — an important feature for production clusters workload.

Enables fine-grained authorization of Pod creation and updates. A cluster-level resource that controls security sensitive aspects of the Pod specification. The PodSecurityPolicy objects define a set of conditions that a Pod must run with in order to be accepted into the system, as well as defaults for the related fields.

Pod Security Policy control is implemented as an optional admission controller. Preemption logic in Kubernetes helps a pending Pod to find a suitable Node by evicting low priority Pods existing on that Node.

If a Pod cannot be scheduled, the scheduler tries to preempt lower priority Pods to make scheduling of the pending Pod possible. A client interacts with the proxy; the proxy copies the client's data to the actual server; the actual server replies to the proxy; the proxy sends the actual server's reply to the client.

You can run kube-proxy as a plain userland proxy service. If your operating system supports it, you can instead run kube-proxy in a hybrid mode that achieves the same overall effect using less system resources. QoS Class Quality of Service Class provides a way for Kubernetes to classify Pods within the cluster into several classes and make decisions about scheduling and eviction.

QoS Class of a Pod is set at creation time based on its compute resources requests and limits settings. QoS classes are used to make decisions about Pods scheduling and eviction. Quantities are representations of small or large numbers using a compact, whole-number notation with SI suffixes.

Fractional numbers are represented using milli units, while large numbers can be represented using kilo, mega, or giga units. For instance, the number 1. You can also specify binary-notation suffixes; the number can be written as 2Ki. The accepted decimal power-of units are m milli , k kilo, intentionally lowercase , M mega , G giga , T tera , P peta , E exa. Manages authorization decisions, allowing admins to dynamically configure access policies through the Kubernetes API.

RBAC utilizes roles , which contain permission rules, and role bindings , which grant the permissions defined in a role to a set of users.

Workload objects such as Deployment make use of ReplicaSets to ensure that the configured number of Pods are running in your cluster, based on the spec of that ReplicaSet. A workload resource that manages a replicated application, ensuring that a specific number of instances of a Pod are running. The control plane ensures that the defined number of Pods are running, even if some Pods fail, if you delete Pods manually, or if too many are started by mistake. Provides constraints that limit aggregate resource consumption per Namespace.

Limits the quantity of objects that can be created in a namespace by type, as well as the total amount of compute resources that may be consumed by resources in that project.

Reviewers are knowledgeable about both the codebase and software engineering principles. Reviewer status is scoped to a part of the codebase. Allows for more control over how sensitive information is used and reduces the risk of accidental exposure, including encryption at rest. A Pod references the secret as a file in a volume mount or by the kubelet pulling images for a pod. Secrets are great for confidential data and ConfigMaps for non-confidential data.

The securityContext field defines privilege and access control settings for a Pod or container. In a securityContext , you can define: the user that processes run as, the group that processes run as, and privilege settings. Allows users to filter a list of resources based on labels.

An abstract way to expose an application running on a set of Pods as a network service. The set of Pods targeted by a Service is usually determined by a selector.

If more Pods are added or removed, the set of Pods matching the selector will change. The Service makes sure that network traffic can be directed to the current set of Pods for the workload. An endpoint for a set of Managed Services offered and maintained by a third-party.

An extension API that enables applications running in Kubernetes clusters to easily use external managed software offerings, such as a datastore service offered by a cloud provider. It provides a way to list, provision, and bind with external Managed Services from Service Brokers without needing detailed knowledge about how those services are created or managed. Provides an identity for processes that run in a Pod.

When processes inside Pods access the cluster, they are authenticated by the API server as a particular service account, for example, default. When you create a Pod, if you do not specify a service account, it is automatically assigned the default service account in the same Namespace. A technique for assigning requests to queues that provides better isolation than hashing modulo the number of queues. We are often concerned with insulating different flows of requests from each other, so that a high-intensity flow does not crowd out low-intensity flows.

A simple way to put requests into queues is to hash some characteristics of the request, modulo the number of queues, to get the index of the queue to use. The hash function uses as input characteristics of the request that align with flows.

For example, in the Internet this is often the 5-tuple of source and destination address, protocol, and source and destination port.

That simple hash-based scheme has the property that any high-intensity flow will crowd out all the low-intensity flows that hash to the same queue.

Providing good insulation for a large number of flows requires a large number of queues, which is problematic. Shuffle sharding is a more nimble technique that can do a better job of insulating the low-intensity flows from the high-intensity flows. The terminology of shuffle sharding uses the metaphor of dealing a hand from a deck of cards; each queue is a metaphorical card.

The shuffle sharding technique starts with hashing the flow-identifying characteristics of the request, to produce a hash value with dozens or more of bits. Then the hash value is used as a source of entropy to shuffle the deck and deal a hand of cards queues. All the dealt queues are examined, and the request is put into one of the examined queues with the shortest length.

With a modest hand size, it does not cost much to examine all the dealt cards and a given low-intensity flow has a good chance to dodge the effects of a given high-intensity flow. With a large hand size it is expensive to examine the dealt queues and more difficult for the low-intensity flows to dodge the collective effects of a set of high-intensity flows.

Thus, the hand size should be chosen judiciously. Community members who collectively manage an ongoing piece or aspect of the larger Kubernetes open source project. Members within a SIG have a shared interest in advancing a specific area, such as architecture, API machinery, or documentation.

SIGs must follow the SIG governance guidelines , but can have their own contribution policy and channels of communication. Manages the deployment and scaling of a set of Pods , and provides guarantees about the ordering and uniqueness of these Pods. Like a Deployment , a StatefulSet manages Pods that are based on an identical container spec. Unlike a Deployment, a StatefulSet maintains a sticky identity for each of their Pods. These pods are created from the same spec, but are not interchangeable: each has a persistent identifier that it maintains across any rescheduling.

If you want to use storage volumes to provide persistence for your workload, you can use a StatefulSet as part of the solution.

Although individual Pods in a StatefulSet are susceptible to failure, the persistent Pod identifiers make it easier to match existing volumes to the new Pods that replace any that have failed. A pod managed directly by the kubelet daemon on a specific node,.

StorageClasses can map to quality-of-service levels, backup policies, or to arbitrary policies determined by cluster administrators. Each StorageClass contains the fields provisioner , parameters , and reclaimPolicy , which are used when a Persistent Volume belonging to the class needs to be dynamically provisioned. Users can request a particular class using the name of a StorageClass object. On Unix-like systems, sysctl is both the name of the tool that administrators use to view and modify these settings, and also the system call that the tool uses.

Container runtimes and network plugins may rely on sysctl values being set a certain way. A core object consisting of three required properties: key, value, and effect. Taints prevent the scheduling of Pods on nodes or node groups.

Taints and tolerations work together to ensure that pods are not scheduled onto inappropriate nodes. One or more taints are applied to a node. A node should only schedule a Pod with the matching tolerations for the configured taints. Tolerations enable the scheduling of pods on nodes or node groups that have matching taints.

Tolerations and taints work together to ensure that pods are not scheduled onto inappropriate nodes. One or more tolerations are applied to a pod. A toleration indicates that the pod is allowed but not required to be scheduled on nodes or node groups with matching taints. Every object created over the whole lifetime of a Kubernetes cluster has a distinct UID. It is intended to distinguish between historical occurrences of similar entities. User namespaces are a Linux kernel feature that allows a non-root user to emulate superuser "root" privileges, for example in order to run containers without being a superuser outside the container.

In the context of user namespaces, the namespace is a Linux kernel feature, and not a namespace in the Kubernetes sense of the term. A directory containing data, accessible to the containers in a Pod. A Kubernetes volume lives as long as the Pod that encloses it.

Consequently, a volume outlives any containers that run within the Pod, and data in the volume is preserved across container restarts. A Volume Plugin enables integration of storage within a Pod. A Volume Plugin lets you attach and mount storage volumes for use by a Pod. Volume plugins can be in tree or out of tree.

In tree plugins are part of the Kubernetes code repository and follow its release cycle. Out of tree plugins are developed independently. Various core objects that represent different types or parts of a workload include the DaemonSet, Deployment, Job, ReplicaSet, and StatefulSet objects. For example, a workload that has a web server and a database might run the database in one StatefulSet and the web server in a Deployment.