Citations: Using et al. Print Page Report a broken link. Overview Narrative and Parenthetical Citations Using et al. Using et al. Shortening Citations With et al. The American Psychological Association APA format is the most common style used to cite sources within the social sciences. Being a proofreading and editing service provider, we often find researchers making common citation mistakes in their research papers. Well, making mistakes is normal, but repeating the same mistakes is not accepted.
Recognizing the gravity of the situation, we here bring the list of common errors students and researchers make while citing sources. When you are writing for academic purposes, you need to keep a ton of rules and regulations in mind.
However, that is not the whole story, as you also need to keep the style guide in mind. While writing for academic work is not easy, nothing can be impossible with practice. Therefore, we are here with a compact citation style guide that abides by academic standards.
If you are new to editing and proofreading or new to the academic side, this article will help you learn about the 8 most common citation styles used in academic writing. Correct Alison et al. However, the period always comes first: Parker et al. When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.
For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. When citing information you learned from a conversation with an Indigenous person who was not your research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation above.
Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources original sources and cite those rather than secondary sources works that report on original sources. Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase.
List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation. If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number para.
Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al. Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.
APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text but not when they are written in reference lists. Note : In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name Anonymous, In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list viz.
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works from the same author, list the years of publication in sequence, with the earliest first.
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